Final 2008 California 303(d)/305(b) Integrated Report

Supporting Information

Regional Board 8 - Santa Ana Region

Water Body Name: Cucamonga Creek Reach 2 (Mountain Reach)
Water Body ID: CAR8012402019991013163906
Water Body Type: River & Stream
 
DECISION ID
13070
 
Pollutant: Barium
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: (DO NOT LIST - TOXICANT POLLUTANT)
This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.1 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.1 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. None of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. None of eight (8) samples exceeded the USEPA National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Human Health Protection non cancer health effects for sources of drinking water and this does not exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.1 of the Listing Policy.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 13070
 
LOE ID: 8308
 
Pollutant: Barium
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: Total
 
Beneficial Use: Municipal & Domestic Supply
 
Number of Samples: 8
Number of Exceedances: 0
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: of the 8 samples collected, none exceeded the guideline.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Basin Plan Objective - Toxic Substances: The concentrations of contaminants in waters which are existing or potential sources of drinking water shall not occur at levels which are harmful to human health.
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline: USEPA National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Human Health Protection non cancer health effects for sources of drinking water - 1000 ppb
Guideline Reference: Compilation of Water Quality Goals
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek above Ely Basin.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected over a period of several times per month during several years beginning with 7/7/2003 thorugh 8/11/2004.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed acceptable because it was submitted by an NPDES discharger in accordance with its Monitoring and Reporting Requirements.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
13023
 
Pollutant: Boron
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: (DO NOT LIST - TOXICANT POLLUTANT)
This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.1 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.1 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One (1) line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. None of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. None of sixty-six (66) samples exceeded the Basin Plan Objective respectively, and this does not exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.1 of the Listing Policy.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 13023
 
LOE ID: 8306
 
Pollutant: Boron
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: Total
 
Beneficial Use: Municipal & Domestic Supply
 
Number of Samples: 66
Number of Exceedances: 0
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 66 samples collected, none exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Basin Plan Objective - 0.75 mg/l
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek above Ely Basin.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected over a period of several times per month during several years beginning with 7/7/2003 thorugh 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed acceptable because it was submitted by an NPDES discharger in accordance with its Monitoring and Reporting Requirements.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
13042
 
Pollutant: Chloride
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

[NUMBER] lines of evidence are available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. [NUMBER] of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. [NUMBER] of [NUMBER] samples exceeded the ______ and this does not exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded. In addtion, the GWR beneficial use assessment is more correctly assessed using actual ground water data. The surface water objectives for this mineral constituent was tied to groundwater objectives for this constituent that was deleted from the Basin Plan (Resolution No. R8-2004-0001). Stakeholders have indicated their intent to re-visit the appropriateness of the surface water objective for this and other individual mineral objectives as part of the on-going TDS/Nitrogen Task Force.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 13042
 
LOE ID: 7979
 
Pollutant: Chloride
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 72
Number of Exceedances: 0
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 72 samples collected none exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Narrative Objective: The concentrations of toxic pollutants in the water column, sediments, or biota shall not adversely affect beneficial uses.
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline: US EPA National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria Freshwater Aquatic Life Protection Recommended Criteria Maximum Concentration 1-hr avg: 860 mg/l
Guideline Reference: National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water. Office of Science and Technology. 4304T
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek above Ely Basin.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with July 7, 2003 through 2/21/2007
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
16426
 
Pollutant: Sodium
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One (1) line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. Fifty-seven (57) of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. Fifty-seven (57) of seventy-three (73) samples exceeded the Basin Plan Objective and this exceeds the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy. However, the water quality standard associated with this pollutant is deemed inappropriate to assess the groundwater beneficial use.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded. RWQCB recommends not listing this waterbody for this mineral constituent because the GWR beneficial use assessment is more correctly assessed using actual groundwater data. The surface water objective for this mineral constituent was tied to groundwater objectives for this constituent that was deleted from the Basin Plan (Resolution No. R8-2004-0001). Stakeholders have indicated their intent to re-visit the appropriateness of the surface water objective for this and other individual mineral objectives as part of the ongoing TDS/Nitrogen Task Force.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 16426
 
LOE ID: 7982
 
Pollutant: Sodium
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 73
Number of Exceedances: 57
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 73 samples collected 57 exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Objective: 15 mg/l
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek Near Mira Loma.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with 7/7/2003 through 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
16427
 
Pollutant: Sulfates
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One (1) line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. Twenty (20) of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. Twenty (20) of seventy-three (73) samples exceeded the Basin Plan Objective and this does exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy. However, the water quality standard associated with this pollutant is deemed inappropriate to assess the groundwater beneficial use.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded. RWQCB recommends not listing this waterbody for this mineral constituent because the GWR beneficial use assessment is more correctly assessed using actual groundwater data. The surface water objective for this mineral constituent was tied to groundwater objectives for this constituent that was deleted from the Basin Plan (Resolution No. R8-2004-0001). Stakeholders have indicated their intent to re-visit the appropriateness of the surface water objective for this and other individual mineral objectives as part of the ongoing TDS/Nitrogen Task Force.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 16427
 
LOE ID: 7986
 
Pollutant: Sulfates
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 73
Number of Exceedances: 20
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 73 samples collected 20 exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Objective: 25 mg/l
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek Near Mira Loma.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with 7/7/2003 through 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
16428
 
Pollutant: Total Dissolved Solids
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One (1) line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. Sixty-four (64) of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. Sixty-four (64) of sixty-nine (69) samples exceeded the Basin Plan Objective and this does exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy. However, the water quality standard associated with this pollutant is deemed inappropriate to assess the groundwater beneficial use.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded. RWQCB recommends not listing this waterbody for this mineral constituent because the GWR beneficial use assessment is more correctly assessed using actual groundwater data. The surface water objective for this mineral constituent was tied to groundwater objectives for this constituent that was deleted from the Basin Plan (Resolution No. R8-2004-0001). Stakeholders have indicated their intent to re-visit the appropriateness of the surface water objective for this and other individual mineral objectives as part of the ongoing TDS/Nitrogen Task Force.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 16428
 
LOE ID: 7988
 
Pollutant: Total Dissolved Solids
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 69
Number of Exceedances: 64
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 69 samples taken 64 samples exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Objective: 200 mg/l
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek Near Mira Loma.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with 7/7/2003 through 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
13050
 
Pollutant: Total Nitrogen as N
Final Listing Decision: Do Not List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: (DO NOT LIST - CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT)
This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. Two (2) of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification against placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. Two (2) of forty-three (43) samples exceeded the Basin Plan Objective and this does not exceed the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should not be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are not being exceeded.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 13050
 
LOE ID: 7991
 
Pollutant: Total Nitrogen as N
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 43
Number of Exceedances: 2
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 43 samples taken 2 samples exceeded the Basin Plan's objective.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Objective: Total Inorganic Nitrogen - 10 mg/l
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek Near Mira Loma.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with 4/5/2006 through 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):
 
DECISION ID
13051
 
Pollutant: pH
Final Listing Decision: List on 303(d) list (TMDL required list)
Last Listing Cycle's Final Listing Decision: New Decision
Revision Status Revised
Sources: Source Unknown
Expected TMDL Completion Date: 2022
Impairment from Pollutant or Pollution: Pollutant
 
Weight of Evidence: This pollutant is being considered for placement on the section 303(d) list under section 3.2 of the Listing Policy. Under section 3.2 a single line of evidence is necessary to assess listing status.

One (1) line of evidence is available in the administrative record to assess this pollutant. Thirty (30) of the samples exceed the water quality objective.

Based on the readily available data and information, the weight of evidence indicates that there is sufficient justification in favor of placing this water segment-pollutant combination on the section 303(d) list in the Water Quality Limited Segments category.

This conclusion is based on the staff findings that:
1. The data used satisfies the data quality requirements of section 6.1.4 of the Policy.
2. The data used satisfies the data quantity requirements of section 6.1.5 of the Policy.
3. Thirty (30) of sixty-eight (68) samples exceed the Basin Plan Objective and this exceeds the allowable frequency listed in Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy.
4. Pursuant to section 3.11 of the Listing Policy, no additional data and information are available indicating that standards are not met.
 
RWQCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation: After review of the available data and information, RWQCB staff concludes that the water body-pollutant combination should be placed on the section 303(d) list because applicable water quality standards are exceeded and a pollutant contributes to or causes the problem.
 
SWRCB Board Decision / Staff Recommendation:
 
USEPA Decision:
 
 
Lines of Evidence (LOEs) for Decision ID 13051
 
LOE ID: 7984
 
Pollutant: pH
LOE Subgroup: Pollutant-Water
Matrix: Water
Fraction: None
 
Beneficial Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
Aquatic Life Use: Cold Freshwater Habitat
 
Number of Samples: 82
Number of Exceedances: 60
 
Data and Information Type: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL MONITORING
Data Used to Assess Water Quality: Of the 82 field measurements taken 60 exceeded the Basin Plan's objective of 8.5 pH units.
Data Reference: 2006 HCMP Database
 
Water Quality Objective/Criterion: Santa Ana Region's Basin Plan Objective: 6.5 - 8.5 pH units
Objective/Criterion Reference: Water Quality Control Plan-Santa Ana Region
 
Evaluation Guideline:
Guideline Reference:
 
Spatial Representation: The samples were collected at one station in Cucamonga Creek Near Mira Loma. The measurements were taken in the field with a calibrated intstrument.
Temporal Representation: The samples were collected multiple times per month for a period of several years beginning with 7/7/2003 through 2/21/2007.
Environmental Conditions:
QAPP Information: The data's quality is deemed appropriate because it originated from an NPDES discharger in compliance with their monitoring and reporting program.
QAPP Information Reference(s):