Water Quality Monitoring of the New River at Mexicali and International Boundary Calexico, CA Organization Title: California Regional Water Quality Control Board Colorado River Basin, Region 7 Address: 73-720 Fred Waring Dr, Ste 100 Palm Desert, CA 92260 760-346-7491 Jose Angel Prepared By Jeff Geraci, WRCE/ AEO ES 73-720 Fred Waring Dr 73-720 Fred Waring Dr Palm Desert, CA 92260 Palm Desert, CA 92260 760-346-7491 760-674-8613 Signatures of Approval Eugenia McNaughton EPA Region 9 QA Manager _____________________________ Date: January 23, 2008 Evelyn Wachtel EPA Project Officer _____________________________ Date: January 23, 2008 Jose Angel WRCE/ AEO Region 7 _____________________________ Date: January 23, 2008 Oscar Cabra NADbank Director of Technical Services ____________________ Date: January 23, 2008 Document No.: 0055 Copy provided to: Title: Copy provided by: Title: Date: Jose Angel AEO Region 7, P.E. 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Palm Desert, CA 92260 Jeff B. Geraci Environmental Scientist February 11, 2008 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 2 of 45 Table of Contents 1. Project Management.............................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Distribution List ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) ....................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Project/ Task Organization............................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Quality Assurance Manager ................................................................................. 9 1.3.2 Project Manager.................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Field Technician ................................................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Contract Lab ......................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Problem Definition/ Background ................................................................................. 10 1.5 Project/ Task Description..............................................................................................11 1.6 Measurement Performance Criteria/Acceptance Criteria........................................... 13 1.6.1 Data Quality Indicators (Acceptance Criteria) ................................................... 14 1.7 Special Training/ Certification..................................................................................... 17 1.8 Documentation/ Records .............................................................................................. 17 1.8.1 QC Records ........................................................................................................ 17 1.8.2 Lab Records........................................................................................................ 18 1.8.3 Field Records...................................................................................................... 18 1.8.4 Project Records................................................................................................... 18 2. Measurement/ Data Acquisition ......................................................................................... 19 2.1 Sampling Process Design............................................................................................. 19 2.1.1 Collection Bottles ............................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Sampling Methods Requirements...................................................................... 20 2.1.3 VOCs .................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.4 Microbiology ...................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Monitoring Sites........................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Reforma Bridge .................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Zaragoza Lagoons .............................................................................................. 22 2.2.3 International Drain.............................................................................................. 22 2.2.4 International Boundary Bridge ........................................................................... 22 2.2.5 Mexicali Drain Immediately Upstream of Calzada Hector Teran Teran ............ 22 2.2.6 New River at Lake Xochimilco.......................................................................... 22 2.3 Sampling Constituents/ Analytical Methods ................................................................ 23 2.4 Holding Times .............................................................................................................. 30 2.5 Monitoring Equipment ................................................................................................. 31 2.5.1 YSI...................................................................................................................... 31 2.5.2 Turbidimeter, Portable ........................................................................................ 32 2.5.3 Equipment........................................................................................................... 32 2.5.4 Field Safety Equipment ...................................................................................... 32 2.5.5 Equipment Decontamination Procedures ........................................................... 32 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 3 of 45 2.5.6 Sample Relinquishing/ receiving........................................................................ 34 2.6 Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance........................................................ 34 2.7 Sample disposal............................................................................................................ 34 2.8 Data Acquisition Requirements.................................................................................... 34 2.9 Assessment and Response Actions ............................................................................... 34 2.10 Reports ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.11 Data Validation and Usability...................................................................................... 35 3. Health and Safety................................................................................................................. 36 3.1 Contamination Containment Zones ............................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Exclusion Zone:.................................................................................................. 37 3.1.2 Decontamination Zone: ...................................................................................... 37 3.1.3 Support Zone: ..................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Personal Protective Equipment.................................................................................... 37 3.3 Hazards ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.3.1 Personal .............................................................................................................. 37 3.3.2 Environmental .................................................................................................... 38 3.4 Personnel Decontamination Procedures...................................................................... 39 3.4.1 Decontamination Procedure ............................................................................... 39 3.5 Hospitals/ Emergency Services .................................................................................... 40 3.6 CALEXICO HOSPITAL MAP ...................................................................................... 41 3.7 BRAWLEY HOSPITAL MAP ........................................................................................ 42 3.8 EL CENTRO MEDICAL CENTER MAP ..................................................................... 43 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 4 of 45 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 -Minute 264 Quantitative Standards ................................................................................11 Table 2 -Target Parameters........................................................................................................... 12 Table 3 -Sampling Frequency ...................................................................................................... 13 Table 4 -Sampling Constituents and Methods ............................................................................. 23 Table 5 -Field Parameters ............................................................................................................ 24 Table 6 -Pesticides ....................................................................................................................... 24 Table 7 -VOCs ............................................................................................................................. 27 Table 8 -Semi VOCs .................................................................................................................... 29 Table 9 -Containers, Preservatives, & Holding Times................................................................. 30 Table 10 -Field Parameter Specifications .................................................................................... 31 Table 11 -Hospitals ...................................................................................................................... 40 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 5 of 45 Revision History Version Date Revision Highlights 1.0 Feb-2006 Original version of the CRWQCB Region 7 New River Water Quality Monitoring QAPP 2.0 March-2007 Revised at the request of EPA Region 9 3.0 December-2007 Revised to address conditional approval from EPA Region 9, to include two additional sampling stations (Mexicali Drain and New River at Lake Xochimilco), to revise the proposed frequency and sampling parameters for each station per discussions with EPA’s New/River Mexicali Sanitation Project Manager and IBWC staff, and to provide the NADBank to chose a contract lab. 4.0 January23, 2008 Reviewed to ensure QAPP has appropriate methodology for bacteria and that QAPP reflects and is consistent with sampling frequency and locations as indicated in Appendix A and the sampling costs estimates as amended in December 2007. Revised to ensure QAPP is consistent with revised to ensure turbidity samples and analyses will be done at the field level using YSI sonde. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 6 of 45 1. Project Management 1.1 Distribution List Robert Perdue Executive Officer CRWQCB Region 7 73-720 Fred Waring Dr., Ste 100 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Jose Angel W.R.C.E./ A.E.O. CRWQCB Region 7 73-720 Fred Waring Dr., Ste 100 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Rich Freitas Environmental Scientist USEPA Region 9 75 Hawthorne St. San Francisco, CA 94105 Susan Cox Southwest Border Office WTR-4 Eugenia McNaughton Manager Quality Assurance Office MTS-3 Contract Laboratory (to be determined) CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 7 of 45 1.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) This QAPP describes the general quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures associated with the activities of Water Quality Monitoring of the New River at Mexicali and the International Boundary. All work performed under the Water Quality Monitoring of the New River at Mexicali and the International Boundary is performed in accordance with this QAPP. 1.2.1 Introduction The Colorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board) will collaborate with the United States International Boundary Water Commission (IBWC) to characterize pollution of the New River at the International Boundary, between the United States and Mexico. The Project consists of monitoring and recording water quality data from the New River at the International Boundary, between the United States and Mexico, including three locations in the city of Mexicali, B. C. Mexico. This Project will help determine the extent of New River pollution and conformance with water quality standards and treaty agreements before and after implementation of the Binational Sanitation Program in Mexicali, B. C. Mexico. Appendix A shows the sampling locations. This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) follows the format that the USEPA established in its Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations, EPA QA/R-5, 1994, and complies with the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures of the State Water Quality Control Board. The QAPP describes the QA and QC procedures associated with the monitoring activities to characterize the amount of pollution in the New River. The objective of this QAPP is to establish an effective and efficient quality management system that will ensure that the data collected by the field sampling team and generated by both the Region 7 Laboratory and contract lab are accurate, reliable, scientifically valid, and legally defensible. 1.3 Project/ Task Organization Staff from both the Regional Board and IBWC will be responsible for executing the Project. Specific project responsibilities of Regional Board and IBWC staff are as follows: CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 8 of 45 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 Quality Assurance Manager 1.3.1.1 Reviews and approves QAPP and subsequent revisions 1.3.1.2 Develops Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) 1.3.1.3 Ensures QAPP is implemented and followed to meet project objectives 1.3.1.4 Maintains regular communication with and reports to the Project Manager. 1.3.1.5 Conducts routine system and performance audits to identify potential problems and to ensure compliance with the standard operating procedures (SOPs). 1.3.1.6 Assures that subcontracted laboratories are providing qualified data with acceptable quality control (QC). 1.3.1.7 Implement and oversee corrective action procedures as needed. Project Manager 1.3.2.1 Reviews reports and ensure plans are implemented according to schedule. 1.3.2.2 Coordinates field and laboratory activities with the QA Manager and field technicians 1.3.2.3 Responsible for processing data, maintaining database, and validating field data Field Technician 1.3.3.1 Conducts project activities in accordance with QAPP and work plan 1.3.3.2 Performs field sampling activities and delivery of samples to the laboratory as required, including proper chain of custody procedures. 1.3.3.3 Field technicians will report directly to the Project Manager Contract Lab 1.3.4.1 There are a number of analyses that the Region 7 Laboratory is not equipped to handle, and so a contract lab will be chosen by the NADBank to make the necessary analyses. Contact Person: To be determined 1.3.4.2 Samples are packed by the field technician, and placed inside an insulated chest with ice and shipped overnight to the contract lab via California Courier (CC). CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 9 of 45 1.3.4.3 A field blank and duplicate sample is included with each batch of contracted samples. 1.3.4.4 After the subcontracted work is completed, the contract lab will report to the QA manager. The report will go through the same review and approval process as is conducted for in-house data evaluation. 1.4 Problem Definition/ Background The New River originates in the Mexicali Valley (Mexico) approximately 20 miles south of the international boundary. In addition to raw and partially treated sewage, the valley also contributes industrial wastewater, storm water and agricultural runoff. The average flow at the boundary is approximately 180 cubic feet per second (cfs) or 130 million gallons per day (mgd). This flow consists of 25 to 30 mgd of partially treated industrial and domestic wastewater, and 90 to 95 mgd of agricultural drainage from the Mexicali Valley. The New River flows across the International Boundary, through the Imperial Valley for approximately 60 miles, and finally discharges into the Salton Sea. The flow is approximately 700 cfs (450 mgd) at the point of discharge. The population of Mexicali is approximately seven hundred thousand, with a projected increase to 1.3 million by 2020. Consequently, the production of domestic and industrial wastewater is projected to increase from 35-45 mgd to 70 -90 mgd. Mexicali lacks an adequate sewage collection and treatment system. The system's capacity is insufficient to serve present flows and those estimated in the immediate future. Currently, most of the New River pollution originates from the Zaragoza Lagoon and the newly developed area located in the western part of the city of Mexicali. A Mexicali II collection and treatment system accommodates the needs of the eastern area of the city of Mexicali. The United States and the Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) approved Minute No. 264 (see Appendix B) “Recommendations for Solutions of the New River Border Sanitation problem at Calexico, California – Mexicali, Baja California Norte” in August 26, 1980. Minute No. 264 establishes qualitative and quantitative standards for the New River at the International Boundary. The improvements to the system to mitigate water quality pollution in the New River are outlined in IBWC Treaty Minute No. 288, which was approved by both countries in 1992. Table 1, below, shows the treaty standards for the New River. The Regional Board monitors and documents the water quality of the New River at the International Boundary monthly, to assess the impacts that infrastructure improvements will have on the water quality of the New River, as well as Mexico’s progress toward compliance with water quality treaty agreements. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 10 of 45 Past monitoring of the New River has observed consistently high concentrations of fecal coliforms and various pathogens that far exceed water quality and health standards. This is a major concern to public health, as each year, hundreds of people from Mexico wade through the New River (full body contact) as they cross into the United States. It is unclear exactly what these people are being exposed to, and what they may be transmitting to others they come into contact with. No studies/ investigations have been conducted to determine the impact of pollution on the environment or its possible effects on public health. Table 1 -Minute 264 Quantitative Standards (Applicable at indicated sampling location) PARAMETER SAMPLING LOCATIONS BOUNDARY LINE˛ LAGOON DISCHARGE CANAL UPSTREAM OF DISCHARGE CANAL BOD5 -30 mg/L filtered 30 mg/L unfiltered COD -70 mg/L filtered 100 mg/L unfiltered PH 6.0 to 9.0 -- DO 5.0 mg/L -- FECAL COLIFORMS -- 30,000 colonies per 100ml, with no sample to exceed 60,000 colonies per 100ml 1.5 Project/ Task Description Regional Board and IBWC staff will collect water samples and monitor the water quality at the International Boundary and Mexicali, in order to determine how wastewater discharges from Mexicali are impacting the water quality of the New River. The parameters and sampling frequency for this project are listed in Table Nos. 2 and 3, respectively. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 11 of 45 Table 2 -Target Lab Parameters LOCATION CONSTITUENTS ZARAGOZA LAGOONS Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, Alkalinity, NO3-N, NO2-N, oPO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and Oil and Grease. INT. DRAIN Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, Alkalinity, NO3-N, NO2-N, oPO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and Oil and Grease. REFORMA BRIDGE Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, Alkalinity, NO3-N, NO2-N, oPO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, Pesticides (Organophosphorous, Organochlorinated, Carbamate), Chlorinated Herbicides, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and Oil and Grease. INT. BOUNDARY USGS CALEXICO STATION Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, VOCs, Semi-volatile Organics Compounds, NO3-N, NO2-N, o-PO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, Pesticides (Organophosphorous, Organochlorinated, Carbamate), Chlorinated Herbicides, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and Oil and Grease. MEXICALI Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, Alkalinity, VOCs, Semi-volatile DRAIN AT Organics Compounds, NO3-N, NO2-N, o-PO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, CALZADA Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, Pesticides (Organophosphorous, HECTOR Organochlorinated, Carbamate), Chlorinated Herbicides, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and TERAN TERAN Oil and Grease.. NEW RIVER AT XOCHIMILCO LAKE Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia-N, TKN, Hardness, Alkalinity, VOCs, Semi-volatile Organics Compounds, NO3-N, NO2-N, o-PO4, t-PO4, BOD, COD, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn, Phenols, MBAS, Sulfate, Pesticides (Organophosphorous, Organochlorinated, Carbamate), Chlorinated Herbicides, E Coli, Fecal Coliforms, and Oil and Grease. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 12 of 45 Table 3 -Sampling Frequency Number of Samples per Month Constituent New River @ USGS Calexico Station International Drain @ the Border New River @ Reforma Bridge New River @ Xochimilco Lake Mexicali Drain @ Calzada H. Teran T. Zaragoza Lagoons Nutrients* 1 1 1 1 1 1 E Coli 3 3 3 3 3 3 FC 3 3 3 3 3 3 TSS 1 1 1 1 1 1 BOD5 1 1 1 1 1 1 COD 1 1 1 1 1 1 Metals** 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hardness 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alkalinity 1 1 1 1 1 1 MBAS 1 1 1 1 1 1 Phenols 1 1 1 1 1 1 O&G 1 1 1 1 1 1 Number of Samples per Quarter VOCs use RB data --1 1 - Semi-VOCs use RB data --1 1 - Organophosphates use RB data --1 1 - Carbamates use RB data --1 1 - Chlorinated Herbicides use RB data --1 1 - 1.6 Measurement Performance Criteria/Acceptance Criteria In order to support project decisions, data generated must be of known and acceptable quality. To define acceptable data quality for this project, data quality indicators (DQIs) were identified for each analytical parameter, and decisions were made regarding how each DQI would be assessed. The DQIs include: precision, accuracy/bias (as related to %recovery and contamination), representativeness, comparability, and completeness. The general approach to assessing each DQI is described below. Some DQIs will be assessed quantitatively, while others will be assessed qualitatively. The frequency of the QC samples and the measurement performance criteria for each QC sample for each type of analysis are provided in Appendix C (including attachments 1-17). For quantitative assessment of laboratory methodology, the laboratory’s QA Manual, and the associated laboratory QC (types & frequencies of QC samples and QC acceptance limits) will be determined to be adequate to meet the data quality needs of the project. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 13 of 45 For field measurements, the DQIs to be assessed quantitatively include precision and accuracy alone. The associated acceptance criteria (types & frequencies of QC checks and acceptance limits) for the project are summarized in Table 10 1.6.1 Data Quality Indicators (Acceptance Criteria) 1.6.1.1 Precision Precision will be assessed quantitatively with duplicate samples and expressed as relative percent difference (RPD) by the following equation: RPD (%) = |X1-X2| x 100 (X1 + X2)/2 where, RPD (%) = relative percent difference X1 = Original sample concentration X2 = Duplicate sample concentration |X-X|=AbsolutevalueofX-X 1212 To assess precision associated with all steps of the project (from sample collection through analysis) field duplicates will be collected and analyzed. Field duplicates will be collected at a frequency of 10% (1 duplicate/10 field samples) for each analytical parameter and 5% (1 duplicate each of 2 days/10 field samples) for each field measurement parameter. To assess laboratory precision alone, laboratory duplicates will be prepared and analyzed at a 5% frequency. 1.6.1.2 Accuracy/Bias Accuracy/bias will be assessed as related to recovery, as well as in regards to potential contamination sources. Both of these terms will be evaluated quantitatively. Accuracy/bias related to recovery is an assessment of the laboratory analytical methods alone. For Laboratory Control Samples (LCS), it will be expressed as % Recovery by the following equation: % Recovery = X x 100 T where, X = Measured concentration T = True spiked concentration or, for Matrix Spike (MS) samples, by the following equation: CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 14 of 45 % Recovery = (B -A) x 100 T where, B = Measured concentration of spiked sample A = Measured concentration of unspiked sample T = True spiked concentration The frequency of the LCS and/or MS samples associated with the analytical parameters will be one for every 20 samples or 5%. No LCS or MS samples will be analyzed as part of the field measurements. Accuracy/bias as related to contamination involves both a field sampling and laboratory component. To assess all steps of the project (from sample collection through analysis), field blanks will be collected and analyzed. Field blanks are planned to be collected at a frequency of 5% (or 1 blank/20 field samples) for off- site analysis of metals and anions. To assess potential laboratory contaminant sources alone, laboratory blanks will be prepared and analyzed at a one per batch or 5% frequency. No blanks will be analyzed as part of the field measurements. 1.6.1.3 Representativeness Representativeness, or the ability of a sample to represent the environmental conditions at the time of collection, will be assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. To assess this term quantitatively, an overall evaluation will be made of how well the precision and accuracy/bias assessments met their associated measurement performance criteria. An additional assessment will involve ensuring that a temperature blank sample has accompanied each cooler of samples that has a temperature requirement associated with its preservation (see Table 9) and that the temperature of these temperature blank samples are 4°C ± 2°C when received at the laboratory. To assess this term qualitatively, no actual QC samples are involved. Instead, the evaluation will involve verifying that documented sample collection and analytical methods (including sample handling and chain-of-custody procedures, sample preservation, and sample holding time protocols) were followed. 1.6.1.4 Comparability Comparability, or the degree to which data from different studies or methodologies agree, will be assessed qualitatively. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 15 of 45 Comparability expresses the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another. It describes the ability and appropriateness of making collective decisions with two or more data sets. Many variables may affect the descriptive value of the data. These include: • Variables of interest in each data set • Use of common units • Similarity of methods and QA • Time frames • Season • Weather • Equipment The analytical methods to be used by the contract laboratory will be EPA Methods or Standard Methods, both well-documented and published methods for surface water analyses. In addition, the analytical reports will be in consistent units of measure, such as milligrams per liter (mg/l), micrograms per liter (µg/l), Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU), and microsiemens/centimeter (mS/cm) or µmhos/cm. Tables 4 through 8 list the analytical parameters to be sampled and the methods to be used for the analysis. Table 10 lists the field measurements. 1.6.1.5 Completeness Completeness, the amount of valid data obtained compared to the planned amount, may be assessed quantitatively and/or qualitatively. To assess the term quantitatively, % Completeness will be expressed by the following equation: % Completeness = N x 100 T where, N = Number of usable results T = Total targeted number of samples planned to be collected All data collected in this project will be used to determine the quality of the New River water. Due to a variety of circumstances, sometimes not all samples scheduled to be collected can be collected (e.g., drain may be dry, etc.) or the data from the samples cannot be used (e.g., samples are or bottles are broken in transit, sample holding times are grossly exceeded, etc.). For this surface water sampling project, the overall completeness goal has been set at 90% for each analytical parameter and field measurement type. If the completeness goal is not met, re- sampling and/or re-analyzing will be conducted. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 16 of 45 At this point in time, no sampling locations have been deemed more critical to the overall project goal than any other. As such, there will be no qualitative assessment of Completeness to ensure that samples from critical locations have been collected and their associated data has been deemed usable to support the project objectives. 1.7 Special Training/ Certification The Regional Board and the IBWC will ensure that their respective field samplers have valid and current training for their field activities, as required by OSHA regulations. Currently, IBWC and the Regional Board sampling personnel to be assigned to perform the tasks identified in this QAPP have completed the required OSHA training for the sampling activities described herein. The average field experience of the sampling crew is 5 years. There is no specialized training/certification requirements needed to perform the Project’s objectives. 1.8 Documentation/ Records The accurate and complete documentation of all field/ laboratory procedures, activities, and responsibilities is an important element of this quality assurance plan. In order to maintain a clear record of sample collection and custody, Regional Board field staff will keep field notes, sample collection records, copies of chain of custody forms, and quality control sample records for each sampling event. Sample collection records and field notes will be kept in a bound field notebook and will contain the following: . Sample location and description . Sampler’s name(s) . Date and time of sample collection . Designation of sample as grab or composite . Type of sample (soil, sediment, or water) . Field observations/ details related to sample integrity (weather, color, odor) . Sample Identification numbers . Purpose of project . Sampling sites 1.8.1 QC Records Quality control records will be maintained documenting the preparation and use of quality control samples and equipment calibration. Chain of custody forms will contain the sample identification codes, collection times and locations, as well as the names and signatures of all persons in custody of the samples. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 17 of 45 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 Lab Records Laboratory records of sample analysis will be collected from each laboratory, showing the samples analyzed, the persons analyzing the samples, the time and date of analysis, and any deviation from standard operating procedures. In addition to maintaining the documentation and records listed above, Regional Board staff will enter all of the data from these forms into a single database, which will be utilized for data validation and assessment. The maintenance of the database, as well as the storage of all of the documentation and records listed above will be the responsibility of the Regional Board. Field Records Observations about the weather and the field site will be entered into the field book whenever the grab samples are collected. These observations will also consist of denoting the type of sample(s) that was collected (i.e. grab, composite), and the method of collection. The field book may also consist of any noteworthy observation made by the sampling team. Any deviations from the QAPP will also be noted in the field log. Additional documentation consisting of any laboratory records, chain of custody forms will be stored by the Regional Board, and will be available for public review. Project Records A water quality analytical report will be produced and posted on the Regional Board Web Page once the Regional Board has received all the laboratory results. This report will summarize the field observations; it will also include any field measurements and the results of the laboratory. All records and documents from this project will be handled in accordance to USEPA SOP #EPA-90251.3b “Handling and Disposition of Project Records and Documents” and the State Water Resources Control Board Quality Assurance Program Plan, which includes information about where records will be stored, who will be responsible for records management, and how long specific types of records and documents will be retained. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 18 of 45 2. Measurement/ Data Acquisition 2.1 Sampling Process Design The generation of quality data begins with the collection of the samples, and therefore, the integrity of the sample collection process is vital to good data. Samples must be collected in such a way that no foreign material is introduced into the sample and no material of interest escapes from the sample prior to analysis. Samples must be collected in the appropriate containers in proper amount or volume depending on the number of analytes and the requirements of the individual method of analysis. Proper preservatives must be used, and in correct amounts. Should the Region 7 Lab be needed for analytical support for bacteria, the contract cab provides the Region 7 Lab with sample containers that are purchased from suppliers that have provided a certificate of cleanliness, and contain the correct type and amount of preservative as appropriate. In the case of the New River and its tributaries in Mexicali, containers without preservatives will be used to collect bacteria samples because there are no known discharges of wastewater that are disinfected with chlorine. The contract lab will be required to also provide a certificate of cleanliness for all other containers and ensure that the containers have the correct preservative as appropriate. This will be done to minimize loss of analytes due to absorption, degradation, volatilization, or chemical transformation. In addition, the following general guidelines must be followed: . Cleanliness and technique demonstrated by sampling personnel is critical to avoid contamination. . A representative sample must be collected. . Some analytes are unstable in the New River, due to its high productivity and microbiological activity, such as dissolved oxygen and pH. These parameters are measured in-situ using a YSI© multiparameter sonde (section 2.1.5). . Each sampling container is properly and clearly labeled. Clear tape is affixed over labels to prevent water from distorting the ink. A field blank and equipment blank will be implemented for each event, consisting of sterile reagent water. Field duplicate samples are also included with each batch of contracted samples. After the subcontracted work is completed, the report will go through the same review and approval process as is conducted for in-house data evaluation. 2.1.1 Collection Bottles The water sample containers will be delivered from the contract Laboratory and will contain all required preservatives as appropriate. For CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 19 of 45 2.1.2 2.1.3 any information regarding the water sample containers, the Regional Board will contact the laboratory contract staff. In order to ensure accurate results, acceptance requirements for all sample containers are as follows: 2.1.1.1 Regional Board will submit written documentation verifying the sample container specifications 2.1.1.2 The contract lab will deliver water sample bottles containing all required preservatives 2.1.1.3 Pre-cleaned sample bottles will be dedicated for the sample parameters, to be certified clean, sterilized, and pre-preserved. 2.1.1.4 All sample containers are labeled with date/ time of collection, site identification, and sample identification number. Sampling Methods Requirements All water samples for analytes listed in Table 4 (section 1.5), with the exception of VOC’s and microbiology, will be collected manually from the mid-span of the river using a sterilized polyethylene bucket or bottle. The YSI sonde will be deployed first, prior to the collection of water samples, to avoid interference from disturbed sediments. VOC’s will then be collected, according to the procedure outlined in section 2.1.3. The collection of bacteria samples will follow, according to the procedure outlined in section 2.1.4. Finally, the polyethylene bucket will be submerged approximately one (1) foot below water surface (BWS) and filled with the opening pointed upstream. The sample is then transferred from the bucket to a churn splitter, where the sample is split to the respective collection bottles. Bottles are labeled for identification and tightly capped. Immediately after sample collection, all samples are stored in ice chests below 4 0C, with ice that is double-bagged to prevent leaking. At the end of the sampling event, the samples are transported to the corresponding Laboratory. Bacteriological water samples will be analyzed within 6 hours of collection. VOCs 2.1.3.1 VOC samples are collected in pairs for each site. 2.1.3.2 The VOC water samples will be collected manually from the New River’s mid-span using a stainless steel bucket tethered to a line. 2.1.3.3 The sample container is never rinsed prior to sample collection. 2.1.3.4 While wearing gloves, the cap is removed from the vial, and both cap and vial are submerged into the bucket by hand until filled. The cap is then replaced while the vial is still submerged. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 20 of 45 2.1.3.5 Once capped, the vial is inverted and visually inspected for trapped air bubbles. If air is present, the bottle is discarded, and a new vial is used to collect another sample. 2.1.3.6 Once filled, vials are placed in protective bubble sleeves and stored in a cooler (section 2.1.2). 2.1.3.7 DuplicateVOC blank samples are prepared by filling vials with certified organic-free water obtained by Hach® Company. 2.1.4 Microbiology 2.1.4.1 The sampler will record field sampling information, which includes the sample time and date, location, sampler’s name, sample type, and weather conditions. Each sample collected is assigned a unique sample identification number, and is recorded on the chain of custody. 2.1.4.2 Samplers should wash their hands thoroughly prior to beginning sampling, and immediately after sampling. 2.1.4.3 The capped sterile sample bottles containing sodium thiosulfate are not opened until use. Sample bottles that are broken or have been opened before time of sampling will be discarded. 2.1.4.4 Sample is collected into the sterile bottle by removing the cap, being careful not to touch the inside of the cap or bottle. The sample bottle is not rinsed prior to sample collection. 2.1.4.5 Sample bottles are secured to a swing sampler with a plastic band, and submerged beneath the water’s surface with the mouth facing upstream. 2.1.4.6 Collection bottles are only filled to the 100mL mark at the top, leaving some air at the top. 2.2 Monitoring Sites Samples will be collected from each monitoring site described below and at the frequency specified in Table 3 (see p. 13). 2.2.1 Reforma Bridge This site was selected as a checkpoint to monitor water quality conditions from the agricultural drains, and all possible discharges from the wastewater collection system to the New River. This site is located approximately 200 yards from the international drain discharge to the New River. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 21 of 45 2.2.2 Zaragoza Lagoons 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 This site was selected as a checkpoint to monitor water quality conditions of the wastewater after secondary treatment is provided, and discharged to the international drain, which is a tributary to the New River. International Drain This site was selected as a checkpoint to monitor water quality conditions for the agricultural drainage from the west side of the valley and the treated discharge from the Zaragoza wastewater treatment plant. International Boundary Bridge Samples collected from this site represent the water profile shortly after it enters the United States. This site was chosen both for its accessibility and close proximity to the border (approximately 0.5 miles north of the border). Water entering the site is well mixed, providing a suitable representation. Mexicali Drain Immediately Upstream of Calzada Hector Teran Teran The Mexicali Drain collects agricultural runoff, industrial discharges of wastes, and municipal stormwater and urban runoff. The drain can also carry bypasses of untreated municipal wastewater from Pumping Plant Nos. 4 and 5. The Mexican Government is completing encasement of the New River between Avenida Lazaro Cardenas and Calzada Hector Teran Teran. The drain discharges into the New River immediately downstream of where the river crosses the Calzada. Samples collected from this site are needed to project and assess water quality changes in the New River downstream from this location as well to determine the extent of bypasses. The wastewater in the drain is well mixed at this location. New River at Lake Xochimilco The New River forms Lake Xochimilco immediately upstream of Calzada Hector Teran Teran. The New River at this location carries primarily agricultural return flows from the Mexicali Valley. Samples are needed from this site to establish background water quality conditions of the river before it mixes with the Mexicali Drain and determine the quality of agricultural runoff. Samples will be collected from the Lake’s outfall into the river. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 22 of 45 2.3 Sampling Constituents/ Analytical Methods The contract Lab (NADBank’s contract lab) will use USEPA approved methods certified by the California Department of Health Services as outlined in Tables No. 4 through 8. The Regional Board Laboratory is certified by DHS and is also available to the extent it is needed for support of bacteria analyses. The constituents listed in the tables are selected to establish baseline overall conditions in the New River at the International Boundary following completion of the New River/Mexicali Sanitation Projects, including the Mexicali II Wastewater Treatment Facility (a.k.a. Las Arenitas WWTP). Table 4 -Sampling Constituents and Methods CONSTITUENT USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL MBAS 425.1 0.025 mg/L Grab 4 Total Phosphate as P 365.2 0.01 mg/L Grab 4 Ortho-Phosphate as P 300.1 0.01 mg/L Grab 4 Ammonia-Nitrogen(NH3-N) 350.2 0.05 mg/L Grab 4 Sulfate 300 0.01 mg/L Grab 4 Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) 353.2 0.2 mg/L Grab 4 Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N) 353.2 0.03 mg/L Grab 4 Hardness as (CaCO3) 130.2 1 mg/L Grab 4 Alkalinity as (CaCO3) 310.1 1 mg/L Grab 4 Phenol 420.1 0.02 mg/L Grab 4 Suspended Solids 160.2 10 mg/L Grab 4 TKN-Nitrogen 351.2 1.0 mg/L Grab 4 VOC 524.2 See Table 7 ug/L Grab 5 Semi VOCs 8270C See Table 8 ug/L Grab 5 OC/OP Pesticides 508 See Table 6 ug/L Grab 2 Total Dissolved Solids 160.1 10 mg/L Grab 4 20oC BOD5 405.1 2 mg/L Grab 4 COD 410.4 5 mg/L Grab 4 Arsenic 200.7 2 µg/L Grab 3 Cadmium 200.7 1 µg/L Grab 3 Chromium 200.7 10 µg/L Grab 3 Copper 200.7 10 µg/L Grab 3 Lead 200.7 10 µg/L Grab 3 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 23 of 45 Table 4 -Sampling Constituents and Methods CONSTITUENT USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL Mercury 245.1 1 µg/L Grab 3 Selenium 200.7 5 µg/L Grab 3 Zinc 289.1 50 µg/L Grab 3 Fecal Coliform 1SM-9221E 2 MPN/100 ml Grab 1 E. Coli 1SM -9221F 2 MPN/100 ml Grab 1 Oil and Grease 413.1 5 mg/L Grab 4 1 SM = Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition Table 5 -Field Parameters1 CONSTITUENT USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL2, 3 UNITS Temperature oC NA2 -oC Dissolved Oxygen NA -mg/L pH NA -pH Conductivity NA -µmhos/cm Turbidity NA -NTU 1 Field parameters are to be measured/analyze using YSI multi-parameter sondes, models No. 6600 and model XL500. 2 Not applicable. 3 Please refer to Table No. 10, p. 31, for accuracy. Table 6 -Pesticides CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL Acephate 8141 5 ug/L Grab 2 Benefin 8141 1 ug/L Grab Chlorpyrifos 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab Diazinon 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab Dimethoate 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab Fenamiphos 8141 0.2 ug/L Grab Malathion 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab Metalaxy 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab Pendimethalin (Prowl) 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 24 of 45 Table 6 -Pesticides CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL Trifluralin 8141 0.5 ug/L Grab 2 Chlorothalonil 8081 5 ug/L Grab Dicofol 8081 0.05 ug/L Grab Endosulfan I 8081 0.05 ug/L Grab Endosulfan II 8081 0.05 ug/L Grab Endosulfan III 8081 0.05 ug/L Grab Esfenvalerate 8081 1 ug/L Grab Permethrin 8081 1 ug/L Grab Pyrethrins 8081 1 ug/L Grab 4,4’-DDD 8081A 0.05 ug/l Grab 4,4’-DDe 8081A 0.05 ug/l Grab 4,4’-DDt 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab beta-hexachlorocyclohexane 8081A 0.005 ug/l Grab Aldrin 8081A 0.005 ug/l Grab Dieldrin 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Endrin 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Lindane 8081A 0.02 ug/l Grab beta-Endosulfan 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Endosulfan Sulfate 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Chlordane 8081A 0.1 ug/l Grab Endrin Aldehyde 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab beta-Endosulfan 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Heptachlor 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Heptachlor Epoxide 8081A 0.01 ug/l Grab Toxaphene 8081A 0.5 ug/l Grab Benomyl 8321 1 ug/L Grab Bromadiolone 8321 5 ug/L Grab Bromacil 8321 1 ug/L Grab Cryzalin 8321 1 ug/L Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 25 of 45 Table 6 -Pesticides CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL Diuron 8321 1 ug/L Grab Methomyl 8321 1 ug/L Grab Propoxur 8321 1 ug/L Grab Carbaryl 8321 1 ug/L Grab Chlorthal-dimethyl (Dacthal) 8151 0.5 ug/L Grab Dicamba 8151 0.05 ug/L Grab 2,4-D 8151 0.05 ug/L Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 26 of 45 Table 7 -VOCs CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE LEVEL OF CONCERN 2 Benzene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Bromobenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Bromochloromethane 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Bromodichloromethane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Bromoform 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Bromomethane (Mehyl Bromide) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab n-Butylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab sec-Butylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab tert-Butylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Carbon Tetrachloride 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Chlorobenzene (Monochlorobenzene) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Chloroethane 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Chloroform 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab o-Chlorotoluene (2Chlorotolulene) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab p-Chlorotoluene (4Chlorotolulene) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Dibromochloromenhane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Dibromomethane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,3-Dichlorobenzene (m-DCB) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab 1,1-Dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab 1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,2-Dichloropropane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,3-Dichloropropane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,2-Dichloropropane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1-Dichloropropylene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab cis-& trans-1,3Dichloropropylene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Ethyl benzene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Hexachlorobutadiene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Isopropylbenzene (Cumeme 77356) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab p-Isopropyltoluene (p-Cymene) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Methyl Ethyl Ketone 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 27 of 45 Table 7 -VOCs CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE LEVEL OF CONCERN 2 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Napthalene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab n-Propylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Styrene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Toluene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1TCA) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (1,1,2TCA) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Trichloroethylene (TCE) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) 524.2 0.2 ug/L Grab 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane( Freon 113) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab Vinyl chloride (VC) 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab m,p-Xylenes 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab o-Xylene 524.2 0.2 ug/l Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 28 of 45 Table 8 -Semi VOCs CONSTITUENTS USEPA METHOD DETECTION LEVEL UNITS TYPE OF SAMPLE CONCERN LEVEL 1,2-Benzanthrancene 8270C 5 ug/L Grab 2 2,4-dimethylphenol 8270C 2 ug/L Grab 2-nitrophenol 8270C 10 ug/L Grab 2-chloronaphthalene 8270C 10 ug/L Grab 3,4-benzofluoranthene 8270C 10 ug/l Grab 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 8270C 5 ug/l Grab 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 8270C 10 ug/l Grab 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 8270C 5 ug/l Grab Anthracene 8270C 10 ug/l Grab Benzo(a)Pyrene 8270C 2 ug/l Grab Benzo(k)fluoranthane 8270C 2 ug/l Grab Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether 8270C 10 ug/L Grab Butyl benzyl phthalate 8270C 10 ug/L Grab Chrysene 8270C 5 ug/L Grab Di-n-butylphthalate 8270C 10 ug/L Grab Di-n-octylphthalate 8270C 10 ug/l Grab Dibenzo(a-h)-anthracene 8270C 0.1 ug/l Grab Diethyl phthalate 8270C 2 ug/l Grab Dimethyl phthalate 8270C 2 ug/l Grab Fluoranthene 8270C 10 ug/l Grab Fluorene 8270C 10 ug/l Grab Indenol (1,2,3-c) pyrene 8270C 0.05 ug/l Grab N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 8270C 5 ug/L Grab Pentachlorophenol 8270C 1 ug/L Grab Pyrene 8270C 10 ug/L Grab CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 29 of 45 2.4 Holding Times In general, sample-holding times will be adhered to, as prescribed by USEPA and 40CFR136. Preservation methods will be limited to pH control, chemical addition, the use of amber and opaque bottles, refrigeration and freezing. Specifically, the required preservation techniques and holding times for all of the consitiuents which the laboratory will be analyzing are listed in Table No. 9, below, to ensure holding times, all samples will be shipped overnight to the laboratory. Table 9 -Containers, Preservatives, & Holding Times CONSTITUENT BOTTLE PRESERVATIVE HOLDING TIME MBAS Bottle1 Cool 4 0C 14 days Total Phosphate as P Bottle4 Cool 4 0C 28 days Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N) Bottle2 As close to 0 0C H2SO4 (pH<2) 28 days Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) Bottle4 As close to 0 0C H2SO4 (pH<2) 48 hours Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N) Bottle4 As close to 0 0C H2SO4 (pH<2) 48 hours Hardness as (CaCO3) Bottle3 Cool 4 0C 6 months Alkalinity as (CaCO3) Bottle5 Cool 4 0C 14 days Total Dissolved Solids Bottle5 Cool 4 0C 7 days Total Suspended Solids Bottle5 Cool 4 0C 7 days 20oC BOD5 Bottle5 Cool 4 0C 48 hours COD Bottle5 Cool 4 0C 28 days VOCs Vial4 Cool 4 0C, HCl (pH<2) 14 days Arsenic Bottle5 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Mercury 500ml Glass Bottle HNO3 (pH<2) 28 days Cadmium Bottle1 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Chromium 300 ml Glass Bottle HNO3 (pH<2) 24 hours Copper Bottle1 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Lead Bottle1 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Selenium Bottle1 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Zinc Bottle1 HNO3 (pH<2) 6 months Fecal Coliform 100 ml plastic Cool 4 0C 6 hours E. Coli 100 ml plastic Cool 4 0C 6 hours Pesticides Amber Bottle Cool 4 0C 14 days Oil and Grease 1000 ml Glass Bottle Cool 4 0C, H2SO4 (pH<2) 28 days Semivolatile Organics Amber Bottle Cool 4 0C 14 days 1 500 milliliters low density polyethylene bottle with poly-lined white poly cap 2 200 milliliters low density polyethylene bottle with poly-lined white poly cap 3 0.5-gallon low density polyethylene bottle 4 40 ml glass vial with Teflon-backed silicon septum cap 5 500 milliliters low density polyethylene bottle with poly-lined white poly cap CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 30 of 45 2.5 Monitoring Equipment All field sampling instruments are maintained and calibrated by Region 7 Lab staff prior to use in the field. These include the YSI® multi-parameter sonde, and the Hach® 2100P turbidimeter. The Region 7 Lab keeps all records of calibration standards and instrument calibrations. 2.5.1 YSI YSI multi-parameter sondes, model 6600 and model XL500, are used for in-situ analysis of water chemistry. The YSI is used to obtain pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and conductivity data. The EC and pH probes will be tested using a 1,000 umhos/cm EC solution and a 4.25, 7.0, and 10 pH solutions respectively, prepared by the Regional Board laboratory. The DO probe will be tested using saturated air. All probes will also be visually inspected for damage prior to each sampling event sampling, and serviced as appropriate. Results of calibration measurements will be documented in a YSI calibration log notebook and presented to the Regional Board before each sampling event. Table No. 10, below, presents a summary of the parameter specifications for the calibration of the YSI 6600. Table 10 -Field Parameter Specifications Parameter Operating Range Accuracy Resolution Calibration Standard pH 0 to 14 units ± 0.2 units 0.01 units 2-pt, with pH buffered solutions Temperature - 5 to 45 oC ± 0.15 oC 0.01 oC Not requiredi Dissolved Oxygen 0 to 500% air Saturation 0-200% air saturation: ± 2% of reading or 2% of air saturationii 200-500% air saturation: ± 6% of reading 0.1% air saturation Saturated air Conductivity 0 to 100 mS/cm ± 0.5% + 0.001 mS/cm 0.001 mS/cm KCl Turbidity 0 to 1000 NTU ± 5% of Reading or 2 NTU 0.1 NTU NTU CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 31 of 45 2.5.2 Turbidimeter, Portable A Hach® 2100P turbidimeter is used for in-field turbidity measurements. Turbidimeters are calibrated by Region 7 Laboratory staff using certified standards. A record log is kept by the lab, to track calibration and maintenance of the turbidimeter. 2.5.3 Equipment . Teflon churn splitters are used for composite samples. . A stainless steel bucket is used to collect VOC samples. . A graduated Imhoff cone is used to measure suspended solids each hour. . Insulated ice chests containing blue ice are used for the storage and preservation of samples in the field. . A swing sampler is used to collect microbiology samples . Five-gallon carboys are used for washing hands and rinsing decontaminated equipment in the field. Approximately 2.0mL of chlorine bleach/ per 5-gallons is added to the wash water to prevent bacterial growth inside the container. . Spray bottles containing Envirocide® antimicrobial cleaner or a 10% bleach solution is used to decontaminate field equipment. MSDS is kept on file. Equipment is rinsed at least 5 times after cleaning. 2.5.4 Field Safety Equipment A First aid kit is always brought into the field, and kept away from contaminated areas. Its contents must always be checked by sampling personnel prior to a sampling event. If needed items are missing, the QA officer should be notified. Disposable Tyvek© suits are worn by sampling personnel to protect the body from contact with contaminated materials. Goggles/ face shields are worn at all times while sampling or handling samples. Sampling personnel must wear nitrile™ gloves, since some sampling bottles contain acid as a preservative. Anti-microbial hand soap is used to wash after removing gloves. 2.5.5 Equipment Decontamination Procedures Equipment clean in an area protected from airborne or other sources of contamination. Decontaminate and properly clean ALL items, which were exposed in the field in accordance with USGS National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data, Chapter A3. Cleaning of Equipment for Water Sampling (See Appendix D for more details). Generally, after sampling: CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 32 of 45 . Rinse equipment with DIW directly after use while equipment is still wet, and then use cleaning procedures. . Place cleaned equipment in doubled storage bags. Figure 1 below shows the general sequence for cleaning equipment before sampling for inorganic and (or) organic analyses. Figure 1. CLEANING OF EQUIPMENT FOR WATER SAMPLING CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 33 of 45 2.5.6 Sample Relinquishing/ receiving Samples received by the Region 7 Lab are handled according to the procedures outlined in Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) #RB0018 2.6 Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance All sampling supplies are inspected and inventoried by sampling personnel prior to sampling and after arrival from the supplier. Sampling bottles should be clean and contain the proper preservatives and their seals need to be intact. Records for reagents are kept in a logbook, noting identification number, date opened, expiration date, storage conditions, and the name of the inspector. Calibration and maintenance logbooks are kept for the calibration of field instruments. 2.7 Sample disposal Samples that cannot be processed immediately upon receipt are properly labeled and stored in a temperature-controlled refrigerator (3 + 2oC) for up to 45 days, starting from the receiving date. After 45 days, samples are safely discarded in accordance with the Region 7 Laboratory quality assurance manual: • Discharging water samples to drain if non-hazardous and not contaminated. • Samples contaminated with microorganisms are sterilized by autoclaving at 121oC for 30 minutes prior to disposal. • Samples contaminated with hazardous chemicals are collected in hazardous waste containers and disposed of in accordance with State and Federal regulations. 2.8 Data Acquisition Requirements The Regional Board has analyzed the New River for many different constituents in the past. Previous data that is relative to this project will be used after checking its quality. No data will be used from other sources. Criteria for accepting the already collected data include its representation of similar conditions, any documented bias, logical methods of evaluating the data and its applicability to this project, and data summarization. 2.9 Assessment and Response Actions Surveillance of the records and overall status of the project will be conducted by the Regional Board technical staff to ensure that all of the requirements of the QAPP are being met. Surveillance will be conducted by the quality assurance officer after each sampling event and after all laboratory results have been received for that sampling event. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 34 of 45 At the completion of the project, but prior to producing the final report on this project, an audit of data quality will be performed to assess the handling of all data and to correct any errors found in the project database. A Data Quality Assessment (DQA) will also be performed in which statistical tools will be used to determine weather the data met all of the assumptions that the data quality objectives and data collection design were developed under, and if the total error in the data is tolerable. The total error present in the data will be quantified to determine if the quality of the data is adequate to measure improvements to the water quality of the New River at the International Boundary. 2.10 Reports Upon completion of the project, the Regional Board staff will prepare a final project report. This final report will include a summary of the activities performed, the resulting data, and the quality of the resulting data, and will identify any samples that indicate violations of water quality standards. This final report will contain an assessment of whether or not the water quality of the New River at the International Boundary has been improved, and a statement of the confidence with which the assessment was made, based on the quality of the data. 2.11 Data Validation and Usability The Regional Board will be responsible for validating the project’s data to ensure that QA guidelines have been followed. QA performed by the Regional Board will ensure that the data transfer process is error-free, that results reported are reasonable in relations to the distribution of previously reported results, and that samples were analyzed in accordance with the procedures set forth in Table 1. After each sampling event, the Regional Board staff will review the field notes and field data generated to assess adherence to the project sampling design. Deviations from the sampling design may change the data needed to characterize the system. Departures from the sampling design may also be due to unforeseen field conditions, which may require adjustment of the sampling design. Significant departures from the project sampling design and responses to those departures will be noted in the project database, as well as the Audit of Data Quality, and the final report. Verification of adherence to the sample collection and equipment decontamination procedures contained in this report will be determined through the field records, Technical Systems Audit, and project surveillance identified above. Departures from the equipment decontamination procedures may also be determined via the analysis of equipment blank samples, as described in this report. All information will be considered in the final Audit of Data Quality. Some departures from the sample collection and equipment decontamination CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 35 of 45 procedures are unacceptable, and will result in data that will not be considered valid for use in this study. Unacceptable departures from sample collection procedures include the use of contaminated sampling bottles, the lack of critical sample collection information, or any other activity which would result in the cross contamination or incorrect identification of samples. Departures from the sample handling and custody procedures contained in this report will be determined through the review of chain of custody forms and laboratory analysis forms. In order for data to be considered valid for meeting the data quality objectives of this study, all samples’ chain of custody forms must be in the possession of the project manager, and strict adherence to holding times and temperatures must be followed. Data generated from samples that do not meet these requirements will not be considered valid for use in this study. Verification of proper calibration of the YSI 6600 will be performed during the audit of data quality through a review of the quality control records. Calibration values will also be assessed to determine the potential error in the field measurements. Measurements will not be made unless the instrument is properly calibrated. The data then will be entered into a database by Regional Board staff. It is conceivable, however, that errors could occur in entering the data (e.g., transposing the decimal point for a particular result or keying database, all records will be checked to ensure accuracy in the wrong Sample ID). Therefore, once a data set has been entered into the database, all records will be checked by the quality assurance officer to ensure accuracy. In case of missing data, the Regional Board’s staff will discuss it with the laboratories submitting the data. In some cases, missing data will be denoted as missing in reports. For all missing data, and any other data requiring special explanation, qualifiers will be included in the database and in data reports. Missing data will be designated as ”NR”, meaning Not reported by the laboratory. 3. Health and Safety 3.1 Contamination Containment Zones Upon arrival at the sampling site, the exclusion, decontamination, and the support (clean) zones will be established and maintained at the sampling sites throughout the duration of the sampling event. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 36 of 45 3.1.1 Exclusion Zone: The exclusion zone should consist of the embankment of the Drains/New River. The exclusion zone will be used for the collection of water samples and the following equipment should be available within this zone, churn splitter, two (2) two gallon buckets, the YSI 6600 prove, and ropes. The decontamination zone will be set up adjacent to the exclusion zone, extending 10 feet away from the embankment of the Drains/New River. 3.1.2 Decontamination Zone: The decontamination zone will be used for personnel decontamination and will include a table, wash water, anti-microbial soap, paper towels, and trash bags for disposal of contaminated material. All contaminated solid waste material will be placed in trash bags for proper disposal. Only biodegradable antibacterial soap will be used at the site. Wash water runoff will be contained and disposed of in the Drains/ dirt. 3.1.3 Support Zone: The support zone must remain uncontaminated and clean. The support zone will be set on the parking lot in Calexico or outside the 10 ft exclusion zone. 3.2 Personal Protective Equipment All field samplers are expected to utilize personal protective equipment (PPE). This generally consists of a protective gown made of water-tight material (Tyvek®), latex or nitrile gloves, and eye protection such as goggles or a full- face shield. If air temperatures are too high to wear a gown, at a minimum, the sampler should wear Tyvek© protective sleeves in place of the gown. Otherwise, you may need to terminate the sampling event due to risk of exposure. At a minimum, the following PPE must be used: • Tyvek© chemical-resistant gown or suit • Nitrile gloves, or other chemical-resistant gloves • Eye protection or face shield • Sunscreen, 35 SPF or better 3.3 Hazards 3.3.1 Personal 3.3.1.1 There are numerous safety hazards in the field, but perhaps the greatest immediate threat to personal safety is heat exposure. In summer, temperatures can exceed 120°F in the shade, and CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 37 of 45 much higher than that in sunlight. Avoid prolonged exposure to the heat and direct sunlight. If you experience dizziness or nausea, utilize the shade of the sampling vehicle, and turn on the air conditioning. Terminate the sampling event immediately if necessary, and if medical attention is required, refer to the hospital contact list shown in Table VIII. 3.3.1.2 There are drop structures at some sites, and these pose one of the greatest threats to your safety. Falling into the water could result in being pinned under water, resulting in serious injury or death. Do not unnecessarily lean over the safety rail when collecting samples. Using a bucket to collect water samples also presents a high risk. If you must collect samples with a bucket, do so at least 25 feet upstream from the drop. If the bucket gets too close to the water drop, the force of the water is such that it will take hold of the bucket and either pull the sampler into the water, or possibly tear off limbs. Do not wrap the tether around any part of your body! Avoid getting entangled with the rope. 3.3.1.3 The New River presents an enormous biological hazard to human health, and special precautions must be strictly adhered to, in order to prevent contamination. Avoid exposing any part of your body to the water, by using proper PPE, and proper sample collection procedures. Always wash your hands thoroughly after removing your PPE. 3.3.2 Environmental 3.3.2.1 Most sampling sites are in remote areas, several miles from hospitals. In the event of medical emergencies, you can refer to Table 11 for a list of hospitals and contact numbers. 3.3.2.2 The soil at each site is typically loose and unstable, or has a very steep angle of repose. Watch your footing, and do not try to carry too much equipment at one time; make multiple trips if necessary. 3.3.2.3 When parking the sampling vehicle, find a safe area that is reasonably close to the actual sampling point. Do not park too close to unstable ledges or weak berms, and always set the parking brake. 3.3.2.4 If you determine that reaching a particular site poses a serious threat to your safety, avoid the site. Be sure to note in the logbook your reason for the decision, and bring the hazard to the attention of the sampling coordinator. 3.3.2.5 Bees can be a big problem, particularly if you are allergic to their sting. Some sampling sites are located in very close proximity to bee boxes that house thousands of honeybees. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 38 of 45 These white, wooden boxes are easily identified. Avoid getting closer than necessary to their hives, and do not agitate the bees. If you feel the bees are becoming overwhelming, secure yourself in the sampling vehicle and leave the site. 3.3.2.6 If you choose to eat lunch, do so in the safe zone only, and make certain to wash your hands thoroughly with an antimicrobial soap. 3.3.2.7 Be aware of your surroundings at all times, and specifically look for anything that may pose a threat to your safety, or the safety of others. Report any safety issues you find. 3.3.2.8 Animals may be encountered in the field such as dogs, wild pigs, insects, and of course snakes. Keep your distance from animals you encounter, and do not exit the vehicle if you deem it unsafe to do so. 3.3.2.9 Roads running parallel to the rivers and canals can be very narrow, so use caution. Some of these roads consist of very soft sand and silt, and at high speeds the vehicle can “fish-tail”, and the driver may lose control of the vehicle. 3.3.2.10 Most of the dirt roads receive little to no traffic, but they can be very narrow. Always remain alert to oncoming vehicles, particularly at blind corners and hills. 3.4 Personnel Decontamination Procedures Everything in the field that is touched (pens, pencils, rinse water bottles, probes, etc.) with dirty gloves should be considered contaminated. Avoid touching these items with bare skin. All team members coming out of the exclusion zone must immediately proceed to the decontamination zone. 3.4.1 Decontamination Procedure 3.4.1.1 Remove Tyvek© gown and dispose of in plastic bag. 3.4.1.2 Remove eye protection and clean with antimicrobial soap. 3.4.1.3 Wash outer rubber gloves with antimicrobial soap, and remove. 3.4.1.4 Remove inner gloves and discard in plastic bag. 3.4.1.5 Wash forearms and hands thoroughly with antimicrobial soap. CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 39 of 45 3.5 Hospitals/ Emergency Services The hospitals nearest the sampling locations are listed in Table 11 below. All sampling personnel must bring either the designated sampling cellular phone, or their personal cellular phone. All sampling personnel will have access to a cellular phone to call 911 in case of an emergency. Table 11 -Hospitals MEDICAL FACILITY ADDRESS PHONE Calexico Hospital 450 E. Birch Ave, Calexico, CA (760) 357-1191 EL Centro Regional Medical Center Imperial and Ross Ave., El Centro (760) 339-7100 Pioneers Memorial Hospital 207 West Legion, Brawley (760) 351-3333 EMERGENCIES DIAL 9-1-1 CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 40 of 45 3.6 CALEXICO HOSPITAL MAP CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 41 of 45 3.7 BRAWLEY HOSPITAL MAP CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 42 of 45 3.8 EL CENTRO MEDICAL CENTER MAP CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 43 of 45 1. APPENDIX APPENDIX A: Map of sampling locations APPENDIX B: Minute Order 264 (PLEASE SEE EMAIL ATTACHMENT FOR APPENDIX B) APPENDIX C: Quality Assurance Tables (Attachment 1-17) (PLEASE SEE EMAIL ATTACHMENT FOR APPENDIX C) APPENDIX D: Cleaning of Equipment for Water Sampling (PLEASE SEE EMAIL ATTACHMENT FOR APPENDIX D) APPENDIX E: Laboratory Quality Assurance Manuals (will be provided later, once NADBank secures lab contracts) CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 44 of 45 2. REFERENCES . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/R5. . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handling and Disposition of Project Records and Documents. SOP #EPA-90251.3b . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region 9-Quality Assurance. Data Quality Indicator Tables . Massachusetts Military Reservation – Installation Restoration Program, Quality Assurance Program Plan, 2007 , Appendix C-Analytical Tables . United States Geological Survey (USGS). National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data – National Field Manual Table of Contents. Chapter A3. Cleaning of Equipment for Water Sampling (Version 2.0, 4/2004) . State Water Resources Control Board (State of California), 1995. Quality Assurance Program Plan . California Regional Water Quality Control Board, 1996. Workplan/Quality Assurance Project Plan for Monitoring the New River . YSI, Incorporated, 6-Series Environmental Monitoring Systems Operations Manual CRWQCB Region 7 Document Title: QAPP 73-720 Fred Waring Dr. Ste 100 Revision No.: 3 Palm Desert, CA 92260 Revision Date: 1/23/08 (760) 346-7491 Page: 45 of 45